Ziziphi iiMvavanyo zeklinikhi
Ulingo lwezonyango zizifundo zophando lwezonyango ezifuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kwesigulana kwaye zijolise ekuphenduleni imibuzo yezonyango, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga nonyango olutsha lwesifo esithile. Olu lingo ngamanqanaba okugqibela enkqubo ebanzi yophuhliso lwamachiza kwaye ayimfuneko kuphuhliso olutsha, unyango olunokutshintsha ubomi. Uninzi lwezonyango ezikhoyo namhlanje zisisiphumo solingo lwezonyango.
Ulingo lwezonyango lubalulekile kwi-osteosarcoma kuba ayizizo zonke izigulana ze-osteosarcoma ezisabelayo kwi-chemotherapy (unyango oluqhelekileyo lwe-osteosarcoma) kunye neendlela ezizezinye zilinganiselwe. Ke ngoko, ulingo lwezonyango lubalulekile ukufumanisa unyango olutsha oluphucula iziphumo kuluntu lwe-osteosarcoma.
Kuhlala kusisigqibo sakho ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kulingo lwezonyango kwaye ingaba ulingo lukulungele na kuxhomekeke kakhulu kulingo. Ndwendwela iphepha lethu lemibuzo edla ngokubuzwa ukuze ufumane banzi malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba kulingo lwezonyango.
Kweli phepha uya kufumana ulwazi kwi
Uphuhliso lweziyobisi
Uphando olusisiseko
Uphando olusekwe kwiLebhu ukuqonda ngcono indlela umzimba womntu osebenza ngayo kunye nendlela izifo ezikhula ngayo.
UkuThengiswa kweMithi
Ukufumana i-compound (iziyobisi) ukuvimba i-gene okanye iprotheni echaphazelekayo ekuphuhliseni isifo
Uphando lwangaphambili lwezonyango
Ukuvavanya ichiza elitsha kwizifundo ezingezozabantu ukuhlola ukhuseleko nokusebenza kwalo.
Uphando lwezonyango
Ukuvavanya ichiza elitsha kulingo lwezonyango ukumisela ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwalo ebantwini.
U kuvunywa
Imibutho elawulayo iyakuvuma ukusetyenziswa kwechiza kunyango.
Izigaba zovavanyo lwezonyango
IsigabaAmanqanaba ahlukeneyo olingo lwezonyango ekufuneka enziwe ukuphanda ichiza elitsha. Inqanaba loku-1 linqanaba lokuqala ngelixa inqanaba lesi-4 linqanaba lokugqibela. 1
Uvavanya ukhuseleko, ithamo kunye neyona ndlela ilungileyo yokunikezela ngamachiza
Inani elincinci labantu (20- 100).
ISigaba 2
Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.
Inani eliphakathi kwezigulane (50-300).
ISigaba 3
Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.
Iqela elikhulu lezigulane (100s-1000s).
ISigaba 4
Iyenzeka xa ichiza livunyiwe kwaye limisela imingcipheko yexesha elide kunye neenzuzo.
x
ISigaba 1: Ulingo lwenqanaba loku-1 luvavanya ukhuseleko kunye nethamo lechiza elitsha (amayeza). Ngamanye amazwi, imisela idosi apho iyeza linokuba nelona ncedo lukhulu kodwa libe neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinyamezelekayo. Ulingo lweSigaba soku-1 lubandakanya inani elincinci labathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye ichiza liya kunikwa ngedosi esezantsi kuqala kwaye linyuswe (ukunyuka kwedosi). Oku kuthetha ukuba iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zinokujongwa ngokusondeleyo, kwaye ukunyuka kwethamo kuyekile ukuba iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zifikelela kumda othile. Nangona injongo ingekuko ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwechiza ezinye izigulana ziyazuza.
Abathathi-nxaxheba kulingo lwesigaba soku-1 bakholisa ukuba ngabantu bokuqala ukuvavanya ichiza nakanye okanye kwimeko ethile. Ichiza liya kuba lenziwe uvavanyo olubanzi lokhuseleko kwaye bonke abathathi-nxaxheba baya kubekwa iliso elibukhali ngeziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kulo lonke ulingo. Olu lingo luyafuneka ukuba luye kwisigaba sesi-2 kwaye luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yophuhliso lwamachiza.
Ngamanye amaxesha ulingo lwenqanaba loku-1 luhlulwa lube yisigaba 1a/1b.
I-1a - Imisela i-dose ephezulu kunye nemiphumo emibi enyamezelekayo kunye ne-phase1b
I-1b - Idosi ivavanywa kwamanye amaqela abathathi-nxaxheba
ISigaba 2: Ulingo lwenqanaba lesi-2 luvavanya ukusebenza kwechiza elitsha. Idosi yechiza iya kuba imiselwe kwangaphambili lulingo lwesigaba soku-1 kwaye nangona iprofayili yokhuseleko iya kube ivunyiwe, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ziya kuqhubeka zibekwe esweni. Ulingo lweSigaba sesi-2 lunokubandakanya ingalo enye apho bonke abathathi-nxaxheba baya kufumana ichiza elitsha okanye iingalo ezininzi apho abathathi-nxaxheba ngokuqhelekileyo baya kwenziwa ngokungakhethiyo ukufumana ichiza okanye olunye ungenelelo olufana ne-placebo okanye unyango oluqhelekileyo. Amachiza anokunikwa ilayisensi yokusetyenziswa emva kolingo lwesigaba sesi-2 ukuba iziphumo ziyathembisa ingakumbi kwimeko enqabileyo apho ukwenza ulingo olukhulu kulucelomngeni, okanye ukuba kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yonyango olutsha.
ISigaba 3: Ulingo lweSigaba sesi-3 luqhele ukuba luqhubekeko lolingo lwesigaba sesi-2 kodwa kumlinganiselo omkhulu kwaye kaninzi luyimfuneko ephambi kwamachiza anikwe ilayisensi.
ISigaba 4: Uphononongo lweSigaba se-4 lwenziwa emva kokuba umba wombiwa unelayisensi kwaye uyasetyenziswa. Baphanda iziphumo zexesha elide zonyango kunye nendlela engcono yokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwalo.
Iintlobo zovavanyo lwezonyango
Isifundo songenelelo: Uphononongo longenelelo lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lolingo lwezonyango kwaye lwenziwa ukumisela idosi, ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza konyango olutsha. Izigulane ke ngoko ziya kunikwa ungenelelo oluqhelekileyo ngendlela yechiza kwaye iziphumo zalo ziya kubekwa esweni.
Uphononongo loQwalaselo: Uphononongo lwe-Observational lulandela iqela elithile lezigulane ukuba liphendule umbuzo (s) malunga nemeko kunye / okanye unyango phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Akukho ngenelelo lunikezelwayo, kwaye izigulane aziphambuki kwisicwangciso sazo sonyango. Ngokomzekelo, ukuphendula imibuzo ephathelele ukuba iimeko ezithile zixhaphake ngawaphi amazwe kunokunceda oogqirha babone izinto ezithile eziyingozi (oko kukuthi ukugqatswa lilanga, ukutya) baze bacebise ngendlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko.
Ubhaliso lwesigulane: Indawo yobhaliso iqokelela idatha malunga nabemi abathile ukuba basetyenziswe kuphando lwexesha elizayo. Ingqokelela yedatha ihlala ibandakanya zombini iinkcukacha zabantu ezifana nobudala, ubuhlanga kunye nesondo kunye nedatha yeklinikhi efana nomhla wokuxilongwa kunye neziphumo zegazi. Idatha ingafakwa zizigulane, oogqirha okanye zombini ngokuxhomekeke kuphononongo.
Ufikelelo olwandisiweyo: La ngamachiza angekafumani maphepha-mvume kodwa avunyiweyo ukuba asetyenziswe kumntu othile okanye kwiqela lesigulane esihlala sinokhetho olunyiniweyo lonyango. Nangona engenalayisenisi, la machiza aya kuba ebonise isithembiso kulingo lwezonyango lwakwangoko.
Isimo sovavanyo
ugxeke – Izilingo ngoku ziqesha abantu.
Iyasebenza, ayifuni -Izilingo eziqhubekayo kodwa zingaqeshwa abantu.
Awukaqeshwa – Izilingo ezingekaqalisi ukugaya abantu.
Iphelisiwe – Izilingo ziye zayeka. Oku kunokubangelwa yilahleko yenkxaso-mali okanye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezivela kwichiza.
Kugqityiwe – Iimvavanyo ezigqityiweyo.
unknown - Iimvavanyo ezingaziwayo imeko yazo.
"Sijonge ekuphuhliseni i-immunotherapy ye-osteosarcoma ... sisebenzisa iintsholongwane ezihlasela iiseli zomhlaza"
UNjingalwazi uGraham Cook, kwiYunivesithi yaseLeeds
Joyina incwadana yethu yeendaba yekota ukuze uhlale unolwazi ngophando lwamva nje, iminyhadala kunye nezibonelelo.